Scratch That Itch – Canine Allergies

 Understanding Atopy in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Options

“Licking paws, scratching ears, itchy everywhere” – These types of concerns pop up on my appointment schedule daily and even before entering the appointment I’m suspicious I’ll be discussing allergies with the clients. Allergies can occur for many reasons. Some dogs have environmental allergies, also known as atopy and the main topic of our post today, caused by things like grasses, weeds, trees and other allergens in the environment and may be seasonal in nature. Other dogs have food allergies, typically to a protein source in their food, that can occur at any time, at any age, and even after a pet has been on the same food for years. While others can have hypersensitivity reactions to parasites, such as fleas or mites, or insects, like bee stings or spider bites. As a responsible pet owner, it’s crucial to recognize the signs, understand the causes, and explore treatment options for the reason your pup may be feeling extra itchy. In this article, we’ll dive into the world of atopy in dogs, shedding light on its symptoms, potential causes, and available treatment methods.

What is Atopy in Dogs?

Atopy is a reaction to environmental allergens, such as pollen, mold, dust mites, and certain plants. Dogs with atopy have an overactive immune response to these substances, leading to a variety of uncomfortable symptoms.

Common Signs and Symptoms of Atopy:

1. 1. Itching (Pruritus): The hallmark symptom of atopy in dogs is intense itching, especially around the face, ears, paws, and belly. Dogs may excessively scratch, chew, or lick themselves in an attempt to relieve itching, leading to skin irritation and secondary infections.
   2. Redness and Inflammation: The affected skin may become red, inflamed, and prone to developing rashes. These rashes may appear as red circles, flaking skin or even raised bumps or hives.
   3. Recurrent Ear Infections: Dogs with atopy are prone to ear infections due to increased moisture and inflammation in the ear canals. You may notice red, irritated skin to the inner flaps of the ears, or even an excess amount of debris in the ear canals, sometimes joined by an unusual or unpleasant smell.
   4. Watery Eyes and Sneezing: In some cases, dogs may display mild respiratory symptoms, such as watery eyes and occasional sneezing.

Possible Causes of Atopy:

While the exact cause of atopy remains unclear, several factors may contribute to its development:

• • Genetics: Certain breeds are more predisposed to atopy, indicating a genetic component.

• • Environmental Allergens: Exposure to allergens like pollen, dust mites, and molds can trigger atopic reactions.

• • Immune System Abnormalities: Dogs with atopy may have an overactive immune system that reacts excessively to environmental substances.

Treatment Options for Atopy:

It’s important to remember that atopy is a chronic condition and our focus in managing atopy in dogs centers on relieving symptoms and minimizing allergic reactions. It is important to discuss which treatment options are best for your individual pet with your veterinarian, but listed below is a general understanding in the treatment of canine allergic disease. 

1. 1. Rule outs: First, it is important to ensure you’ve ruled out other potential causes of itchiness in dogs. Keep on a consistent flea and tick prevention year-round and rule out mange infections if there has been potential environment exposure. Talk with your veterinarian about diet trials to rule out food allergies and reduce variables by eliminating any new products (sprays, cleaners, detergents, etc) brought into the household.
   2. Antihistamines: Most people are familiar with antihistamines, such as Benadryl, for allergic relief. These types of medications can help alleviate itching and reduce inflammation, but their effectiveness varies among individual dogs and they actually work best if given before the onset of an allergic flare. Keep in mind that antihistamines can have the side effect of making your pup sleepy or cause a paradoxical reaction with signs of hyperexcitability.
   3. Corticosteroids: In severe cases, veterinarians may prescribe steroids to control inflammation and itching. Steroids can be extremely effective in providing itch relief and reducing redness, but are best saved for severe allergic reactions and for short periods of time as these drugs have potential side effects. In the short term steroids can cause increases in thirst, appetite, and urination. Long term steroid use can have effects on the liver, kidneys, heart and other important regulatory processes.
   4. Immunomodulatory medications: This medication grouping works within a patient’s immune system to reduce itch and inflammation. It includes medications such as Cytopoint, an injectable monoclonal antibody that works to decrease the itch response for weeks at a time, and Apoquel, an FDA-approved oral tablet specifically for canine atopy. These medications have been a game changer in the world of canine atopy and provide some of the best allergy relief options available.
   5. Topical Treatments: Medicated shampoos, creams, and sprays can provide relief for localized skin problems, such as a rash under the armpits or a focal area of irritation on the skin. Consult your veterinarian on which products would be best suited for your pet’s individual needs and skin type.
   6. Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots): Allergy shots are a long-term treatment that can desensitize the immune system to specific allergens. Immunotherapy is formulated after the completion of an allergy test, typically performed by a veterinary dermatology. The most accurate allergy tests for environmental allergies are performed as intra-dermal skin tests to determine the specific allergens your dog is allergic to. This type of therapy is available as either an injection given under the skin or as a liquid given orally.
   7. Consulting a Veterinary Dermatologist: If your dog’s atopy is severe or doesn’t respond well to standard treatments, you may be referred to seek the expertise of a veterinary dermatologist. Veterinary dermatologists can often work with you and your regular veterinarian to determine the right treatment plan for your pet.

We understand atopy in dogs can be a frustrating condition for both pets and their owners. Recognizing the symptoms, understanding potential causes, and being aware of possible treatments is the first step towards effective management. Remember, with proper care and guidance from a veterinarian, your dog can enjoy a happier, itch-free life despite living with atopy.